Memory Laws in Poland and Hungary : Report by the research consortium ‘The Challenges of Populist Memory Politics and Militant Memory Laws (MEMOCRACY)’

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra; Wójcik, Anna; Sadowski, Mirosław Michał; Vorobiova, Anastasiia

Warszawa : Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN, 2023

ISBN 9788366300767

Bibliografia - s. 55-75.

This Report consists of two main parts devoted to Poland’s and Hungary’s remembering of and dealing with the past, including with the use of memory laws and other deployments of legal and extra-legal means in historical policy, including soft law. It also discusses relevant domestic courts’ jurisprudence. The report situates these practices against European human rights law standards, inferred from the ECtHR case law. The aim of this exercise is capturing the dynamics of the Polish and Hungarian state’s relationship to the past after 1989 in a concise form and examine the current legal framework. The Polish and Hungarian sections are structured around common themes. In what follows, we shall discuss mnemonic constitutionalism, the institutionalisation of mnemonic governance, memorialisation of the Second World War and the Holocaust, reckoning with communism, education, and memory. The report includes discussions of political, social, and cultural factors that contextualise the legal framework. The final part concludes with broader reflections on the state of Polish and Hungarian memocracies, understood as constitutional and political regimes based on references to the past and a specific form of governance of historical memory. The report is supplemented by Conclusions and Recommendations addressed to a wide range of players and participants of public deliberations over history and the past, including lawmakers on domestic and European level, academia, and the civil society.

The authors are grateful to the Volkswagen Foundation for supporting this study within their research grant allocated for the consortium project ‘MEMOCRACY’ (2021-2024).

Rights of Families of Disappeared Persons : How International Bodies Address the Needs of Families of Disappeared Persons in Europe

Cambridge ; Antwerp ; Chicago : Intersentia, 2021

Seria: Series on Transitional Justice 26

ISBN 9781839701375

XXI, 218 stron. Indeks.

This book examines how international judicial and non-judicial bodies in Europe address the needs of the families of forcibly disappeared persons. The needs in question are returning the remains of disappeared persons; the right to truth; the acceptance of responsibility by states; and the right to compensation. These have been identified as the four most commonly shared basic and fundamental needs of families in which an adult was disappeared many years previously and is now assumed to be dead, which is representative of the situation of the vast majority of families of disappeared persons in Europe. The analysis covers the judgments and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the UN Human Rights Committee, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Human Rights Advisory Panel in Kosovo, as well as the activities of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus, the Special Process on Missing Persons in the Territory of former Yugoslavia, the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances and the International Commission on Missing Persons. In so doing, the book demonstrates whether, how, and based on what principles these four needs of the families of disappeared persons can constitute a claim based on international human rights law.

‘Grażyna Baranowska offers a comprehensive yet nuanced way of addressing enforced disappearances in Europe. Her book provides a fascinating account of how the approach to enforced disappearances has developed over the last decades and uncovers where its remaining weaknesses lay. It explains how human rights mechanisms respond to mass enforced disappearances that occurred in the last century, as well as to recent events, such as extraordinary renditions and enforced disappearances of protestors. The much-needed multi-disciplinary approach taken by the author allows for a better understanding of how the law and its implementation meet the needs of the families of the disappeared.’ -- Manfred Nowak, Professor of International Human Rights, University of Vienna; Secretary General, Global Campus of Human Rights

‘The book is bound to be regarded as a sound contribution to the literature on the phenomenon of enforced disappearance, focussing on the less studied European context, and addressing, through a scrupulous analysis of international jurisprudence, the multiple dimensions of the needs of the families of disappeared persons. Exploring those needs is a crucial first step for a better understanding of this heinous practice and its long-lasting consequences, as well as for the recognition of families of the disappeared as right-holders and the identification of the corresponding State's obligations.’ -- Gabriella Citroni, Adjunct Professor of International Human Rights Law, University of Milano-Bicocca

Analysis Disappeared Migrants and Refugees : The Relevance of the International Convention on Enforced Disappearance in their search and protection

Berlin : German Institute for Human Rights, 2020

ISBN 9783946499763

40 stron. Bibliografia na stronach 33-40.

Deaths and disappearances on various migration routes are widely reported and yet there remains little information on the legal obligations of States in these cases. This analysis highlights State obligations with regard to disappeared migrants and refugees, as arising from the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED). It also points to issues that would benefit from additional interpretation by the Committee monitoring the implementation of the ICPPED. While most migrants and refugees do not disappear by way of enforced disappearance, this study examines the criteria for classifying an enforced disappearance as set out in Article 2 of the ICPPED. The Convention defines enforced disappearance as the deprivation of liberty with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or concealment of the fate or whereabouts of this person.In migration contexts, States at times cooperate in committing enforced disappearances or commit them in the territory of another State. The analysis proposes ways to assess State responsibility in such circumstances. The ICPPED furthermore obliges States to cooperate in investigating enforced disappearances, assist victims, and search for disappeared persons. These obligations require the undertaking of specific measures by States such as establishing competent authorities, developing cooperation agreements, and adopting specific instruments to ensure the effective participation of families from abroad. A crucial factor in the context of migration is the realization of the obligation to ensure everyone the right to report alleged enforced disappearances to competent authorities, given that this may need to occur from abroad. When there are reasonable grounds to believe that an enforced disappearance has occurred, States are under obligation to undertake an ex officio investigation. This is also the case where an enforced disappearance has been committed by another State.This study shows that the compliance with ICPPED obligations can help to prevent migrants and refugees from disappearing, and may greatly aid the search for them. One crucial mechanism to achieve this, is the cooperation between States in the measures enshrined in the Convention which are particularly relevant in the migration context

Wymuszone zaginięcia w Europie : kształtowanie się międzynarodowych standardów zapobiegania i egzekwowania odpowiedzialności państw

Współautorstwo: Mikołajczyk, Barbara; Balcerzak, Michał

Warszawa : C.H. Beck, 2017

Seria: Monografie Prawnicze

ISBN 9788325593407; 9788325593414 e-book

267 stron. Bibliografia na stronach XIII-XLIII. Indeks.

Oznaczenie stanu prawnego we wstępie.

Oryginał przedstawiony jako praca doktorska (Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN, 2016 r.).

Książka jest pierwszą w Polsce pozycją na temat zjawiska wymuszonych zaginięć w kontekście europejskim. Zawiera pogłębioną analizę procesu kształtowania się międzynarodowych standardów prawnych w badanym zakresie. Autorka wskazuje na istotne potrzeby rodzin osób zaginionych oraz analizuje, w jaki sposób zidentyfikowane potrzeby zostały przełożone na język normatywny praw człowieka oraz czy i w jaki sposób można je egzekwować w ramach międzynarodowego prawa praw człowieka. Omówiono szczegółowo orzecznictwo międzynarodowe; centralne miejsce w badaniach zajęła kwestia egzekwowania odpowiedzialności z tytułu wymuszonych zaginięć w ocenie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Uzupełnieniem dla procedur skargowych jest przedstawiona w książce analiza międzynarodowych mechanizmów pozasądowych.

Wydanie publikacji zostało sfinansowane ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanego na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2013/11/N/HS5/04044.

Ochrona praw obywatelek i obywateli Unii Europejskiej : 20 lat - osiągnięcia i wyzwania na przyszłość

Współautorstwo: Bodnar, Adam; Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra

Warszawa : Lex a Wolters Kluwer business, 2015

Seria: Monografie Lex,

ISBN 9788326434938

267 stron.

Książka zawiera rzetelną analizę dotychczasowych osiągnięć instytucji obywatelstwa Unii Europejskiej i istniejących wciąż wyzwań związanych z jej funkcjonowaniem od ponad 20 lat. Poszczególne rozdziały napisali eksperci z różnych dziedzin i specjalizacji: przedstawiciele środowiska naukowego, administracji publicznej oraz organizacji pozarządowych. Dzięki temu powstało opracowanie obejmujące wiele aspektów obywatelstwa Unii Europejskiej, m.in.: demokratyczną legitymizację UE, prawa obywateli Unii, deficyt regulacji polskich i europejskich, czy związki między obywatelstwem krajowym i obywatelstwem europejskim. Autorzy przedstawili również postulaty zmian prawnych, które pozwoliłyby w większym stopniu urzeczywistnić ideę obywatelstwa Unii Europejskiej w krajowym porządku prawnym.

Publikacja dofinansowana przez Fundację "Promocja Praw Człowieka - Badania i Nauczanie" i Instytut Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk.