Dr Grażyna Baranowska jest adiunktem w Poznańskim Centrum Praw Człowieka INP PAN. Uczestniczyła w licznych międzynarodowych i krajowych projektach badawczych i grantowych, między innymi jako Post-Doctoral Researcher w projekcie Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective (2016-2019), Fellow w Research Law: Constitutional Politics in Turkey II na Uniwersytecie Humboldta (2019), a także w projekcie Fostering Human Rights Among European (Internal and External) Policies (FRAME). W 2019-2020 pracowała ponadto w Niemieckim Instytucie Praw Człowieka w Berlinie, gdzie przygotowywała analizę na temat znaczenia Międzynarodowej Konwencji w sprawie ochrony wszystkich osób przed wymuszonym zaginięciem dla zaginionych migrantów i uchodźców. Obecnie kieruje trzyletnim projektem Osoby zaginione i wymuszone zaginięcia: obowiązki prawnomiędzynarodowe państw finansowanym przez NCN w ramach konkursu Sonata.
PUBLIKACJE:
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013

FORMA

The Concept of Vulnerability in the Context of Religious Minorities

Freedom of Religion, Minority Rights and the Law : The Status of Jewish and Muslim Minorities in Europe and Beyond / edited by Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias and Aviad Hacohen. London : Routledge, 2025, s. 78-94.

This chapter assesses the application of the concept of vulnerability to religious minorities and explores the added value of using this lens in the context of international human rights law. Specifically, it examines case law from the European Court of Human Rights and UN treaty bodies where vulnerability has been applied to cases involving religious minorities. The analysis identifies three contexts in which this occurs: the situation in the individual’s country of origin, non-refoulement cases, and cases involving discrimination or pressure from within their own religious group. The added value of vulnerability is most apparent in the third category, where it aids in evaluating the individual’s circumstances and offers an additional layer of protection. However, the analysis also highlights the challenges posed by the lack of a clear definition of vulnerability, which can result in contradictory applications of the concept.

The research conducted for this chapter has been funded by the Polish National Science Centre (Grant No. 2019/33/B/HS5/01634).

The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level in Poland

Współautorstwo: Sękowska-Kozłowska, Katarzyna; Grygiel-Zasada, Joanna; Szoszkiewicz, Łukasz

The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level : Twenty Years On / edited by Christof Heyns, Frans Jacobus Viljoen, and Rachel Murray. – Boston ; Leiden : Brill, 2024., s. 823–898.

As a founding member of the UN, Poland has for several decades been engaged with the treaty body system. It has accepted as binding seven of the nine core human rights treaties (cerd, ccpr, cescr, cedaw, crc, cat and crpd). The impact of these treaties and their monitoring bodies on Polish law and policies has been related to the political circumstances shaping the state’s attitude to human rights in general. Under the Communist regime, although it ratified UN treaties, Poland did so mostly for propaganda reasons, without protecting individual rights (especially civil and political rights) in practice. As a result of the democratic transition initiated in 1989, much effort was undertaken to build democratic institutions and to incorporate human rights within the state’s structure. The Constitution, which includes a comprehensive human rights catalogue, was adopted in 1997, and independent courts were established. Most provisions of UN human rights treaties have been reflected in Polish law, but a direct impact is barely visible. Aspirations to join the CoE and the EU and implementation of the regional standards certainly played the major role for advancement of human rights in Poland, whereas the UN system was relegated to a secondary role. After democratic transition, while securing political and economic stability, Poland had the chance to focus on implementing international human rights obligations. This became a missed opportunity, since no general institutional framework was established, nor any strategy to implement UN human rights treaties and the recommendations of their monitoring bodies. This situation may be attributable, at least to some extent, to the nature of the UN human rights system, based as it is on voluntary cooperation and dialogue with the state parties, without a robust enforcement mechanism. Besides this, subsequent Polish governments, regardless of the political parties in power, evaded responsibility for violations in individual cases by denying the ratification to op-crpd, op-cescr and op-crc. The impact on law, the judiciary and politics is not related to the amount of time that a given treaty has been in force in relation to Poland or to any reservations that were entered. For instance, crc and crpd have been encumbered with reservations, but have had a stronger impact than prior and fully-accepted cerd and cedaw. In comparison to other treaties, crc and crpd are fairly visible in law and practice, but for different reasons. In the case of crc, Polish ‘authorship’ of this treaty has been regularly and eagerly invoked in parliamentary debates, albeit without more substantive references to its norms. Besides being addressed in a token manner, crc has also been misused to restrict access to reproductive rights. As for crpd, it became part of Polish law thanks to the successful mobilisation of numerous organisations of persons with disabilities. It has frequently been used in litigation before domestic courts. In contrast to other treaties, an institutional mechanism (albeit with many imperfections) has been established for implementation, which could arise from the treaty provision that directly imposes such an obligation on states. Another specific example is cescr, the implementation of which remains limited due to the ‘programmatic’ interpretation of the economic, social and cultural rights by the executive and judiciary in Poland. These are but some of the noted peculiarities. Certainly, UN human rights treaties play an important role for other actors, in particular the nhri and ngos. This can be observed through the instances of active engagement in the reporting process, including a growing number of submissions to the Committees. Treaties and recommendations of the treaty bodies are also employed in advocacy activities. It may be expected that in case human rights in Poland continue backsliding, as has been the case since the post-2015 constitutional breakdown, their significance for the human rights movement in Poland will increase.

Cytowania Cytowania

Protesting in defence of human rights in the time of pandemic : freedom of assembly and COVID-19

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra

Encountering the plague : humanities takes on the pandemic / edited by Wojciech Sowa, Tony Whyton. Bristol ; Chicago : Intellect, 2024, s. 54-67.

International Human Rights Law

Współautorstwo: Ciampi, Annalisa; Milas, Max; Ananthavinayagan, Thamil Ventham; Rachovitsa, Adamantia ; Theilen, Jens T.; Kahl, Verena; Arévalo-Ramírez, Walter; Rousset-Siri, Andrés

Public International Law : A Multi-Perspective Approach / Sué González Hauck, Raffaela Kunz, Max Milas (eds.) – Abingdon: Routledge, 2024., s. 531-615.

This chapter presents the system of international human rights law. It begins by tracing back the evolution of human rights as a separate branch of international law, from the aftermath of the Second World War, through and post the Cold War, up to the 21st century. Based on this historical introduction, the first sub-chapter presents the doctrinal tenets of international human rights law. This sub-chapter illustrates how adjudicative bodies, political entities, and domestic institutions review State behaviour according to human rights standards. In subsequent sub-chapters, the universal and regional human rights systems are introduced. Each of these sub-chapters highlights the history, sources, and institutions underpinning the respective system. These sub-chapters also underline the unique characteristics of each system. While all chapters include critical reflection, the concluding sub-chapter introduces the reader to critical accounts of human rights, broadly understood to encompass approaches which work to uncover the structure of human rights and their connection to other social phenomena such as relations of marginalisation, oppression, and exploitation.

Subjects and Actors

Współautorstwo: Engström, Viljam; Green, Alex; Viswanath, Raghavi; Paige, Tamsin Phillipa; Theilen, Jens T.; Carvalho da Silva, Jacqueline; Kahl, Verena; Chi, He; González Hauck, Sué; Peters, Anne; Kunz, Raffaela

Public International Law : A Multi-Perspective Approach / Sué González Hauck, Raffaela Kunz, Max Milas (eds.) – London: Routledge, 2024. , s. 217-317.

States and international organisations are by tradition the main legal subjects of international law. In addition, a number of actors can also be identified that display limited features of international legal personality. In recent decades an acknowledgment has grown ever stronger that a range of actors in addition to States and international organisations can perform various regulatory functions. This pluralisation of the conception of international legal actors blurs the conventional distinction between subjects and objects of international law. This chapter in a first step introduces the concepts of legal personality and legal subjectivity to then discuss in more depth a number of actors in international law. These include the traditional as well as more recent or possibly emerging subjects of international law. In addition, the chapter will touch upon actors which even though not possessing formal legal personality play a role in making, interpreting, and enforcing international law.

Migrants as Victims of Enforced Disappearances

Współautorstwo: Kolaković-Bojović, Milica

The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia : Thematic Conference Proceedings of International Significance : Palic, 12-13 June 2024 / Milica Kolaković-Bojović, Ivana Stevanović (ed.) – Belgrade: Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024, s. 63-74.

Triggered by various factors, migrations change people’s destinies, social, economic, and cultural fibre and patterns of the states and regions, but also the geo-political map of the world. In their attempts to find a better life conditions or environment, migrants are frequently faced with insecurity, serious human rights violation and violence, including exposure and additional vulnerability to be subjected to smuggling and trafficking and other forms of exploitation. Rigid migration policies of States such as refusal of entry, pushbacks often accompanied by violence, expulsion or detention, and the increasingly perilous journeys of migrants cause a particular risk to become victims of enforced disappearances. This paper explores and presents the reasons behind the decision of the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances to adopt the First General Comment on Enforced Disappearances in the Context of Migration, but also elaborates on the process preceded the adoption as well as the content of the document itself. It also discusses the forthcoming steps in dissemination and implementation of the General Comment focusing on the specific roles of other universal, regional and national human rights mechanisms, including the UN Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances.

Using and Abusing Memory Laws in Search of “Historical Truth’ : The Case of the 2018 Amendments to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance Act’

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra

The Right to Memory: History, Media, Law, and Ethics / ed. N. Tirosh and A. Reading, Berghahn Books, New York 2023, s. 112-131.

“Historical truth” is an extremely complex phenomenon that historians and scholars of memory studies struggle to grasp and define.“Truth” can be demanded by both those who seek recognition of their community’s suffering and the crimes committed against them and by those who deny such suffering and crimes. For this chapter, we propose two quotes from Václav Havel, a legendary Czech oppositionist, to frame our understanding of historical truth:“When a truth is not given complete freedom, freedom is not complete” and “The truth is not simply what you think it is. It is also the circumstances in which it is said, and to whom, why, and how it is said.” 2 Although these words do not directly refer to the issue of legal governance of history, they actually touch its very essence. Truth and freedom remain in a close, inseparable relationship with each other and this relationship applies to the research and public discourse.

Cytowania Cytowania

Wnioski

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra; Hernandez-Połczyńska, Anna; Sękowska-Kozłowska, Katarzyna; Wieruszewski, Roman

Wpływ ONZ-owskiego standardu ochrony praw człowieka na orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka / Grażyna Baranowska, Aleksandra Gliszczyńśka-Grabias, Anna Hernandez-Połczyńska, Katarzyna Sękowska-Kozłowska, Roman Wieruszewski. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 281-286.

Czy państwo może ograniczyć możliwość rozpatrywania wniosków azylowych : (ocena przepisów ustawy wywózkowej)

Poza prawem : prawna ocena działań państwa polskiego w reakcji na kryzys humanitarny na granicy polsko-białoruskiej / redakcja: Witold Klaus. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 8-9.

Legalność i dopuszczalność procedury push-back (wywózek) i ocena prób ich legalizowania w Polsce

Poza prawem : prawna ocena działań państwa polskiego w reakcji na kryzys humanitarny na granicy polsko-białoruskiej / redakcja: Witold Klaus. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 10-12.

Cytowania Cytowania

Can a state limit the processing of asylum applications : (evaluation of the provisions of the so-called Pushback Act)

Beyond the law : legal assessment of the polish state’s activities in response to the humanitarian crisis on the polish-belarusian border / edited by Witold Klaus. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 8-9.

The legality and permissibility of push-back policies (forcing people back over a border) and assessment of the attempts to legalise it in Poland

Beyond the law : legal assessment of the polish state’s activities in response to the humanitarian crisis on the polish-belarusian border / edited by Witold Klaus. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 10-12.

Konwencja w sprawie zakazu stosowania tortur oraz innego okrutnego, nieludzkiego lub poniżającego traktowania albo karania

Wpływ ONZ-owskiego standardu ochrony praw człowieka na orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka / Grażyna Baranowska, Aleksandra Gliszczyńśka-Grabias, Anna Hernandez-Połczyńska, Katarzyna Sękowska-Kozłowska, Roman Wieruszewski. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 119-135.

Konwencja o ochronie wszystkich osób przed wymuszonym zaginięciem

Wpływ ONZ-owskiego standardu ochrony praw człowieka na orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka / Grażyna Baranowska, Aleksandra Gliszczyńśka-Grabias, Anna Hernandez-Połczyńska, Katarzyna Sękowska-Kozłowska, Roman Wieruszewski. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 137-146.

Obowiązek przeprowadzenia skutecznego śledztwa i naruszenia ciągłe-Janowiec i inni przeciwko Rosji

Wpływ ONZ-owskiego standardu ochrony praw człowieka na orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka / Grażyna Baranowska, Aleksandra Gliszczyńśka-Grabias, Anna Hernandez-Połczyńska, Katarzyna Sękowska-Kozłowska, Roman Wieruszewski. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 249-258.

Dopuszczalność dowodów w postępowaniu karnym : Ćwik przeciwko Polsce

Wpływ ONZ-owskiego standardu ochrony praw człowieka na orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka / Grażyna Baranowska, Aleksandra Gliszczyńśka-Grabias, Anna Hernandez-Połczyńska, Katarzyna Sękowska-Kozłowska, Roman Wieruszewski. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo INP PAN, 2022, s. 259-266.

The concept of vulnerability in the United Nations human rights treaty bodies protection system

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra

Women, children and (other) vulnerable groups : standards of protection and challenges for international law / Magdalena Półtorak, Ilona Topa (eds.). Berlin : Peter Lang, © 2021, s. 23-40.

A. Gliszczyńska-Grabias and G. Baranowska in the chapter entitled “The concept of vulnerability in the United Nations human rights treaty bodies protection system” present the comprehensive analysis of treaty provisions under which certain groups are named and recognized as vulnerable, offering also a general overview of the invocation of the concept of vulnerability in the decisions of selected UN treaty bodies. Next, the authors review who so far has been considered vulnerable by the treaty bodies and conclude with defining the attitude of selected UN treaty bodies towards the notion of vulnerability.

New International Migration Management Technologies and Their Impact on Sustainability

Współautorstwo: Szoszkiewicz, Łukasz

Reduced Inequalities. - Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Cham : Springer, 2021.,

This entry is based on research conducted within the project “The role of science and data in the era of Artificial Intelligence – States’ obligations regarding data governance under Article 15(1)b of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” financed by National Science Centre (no. 2018/31/N/HS5/01592).

Cytowania Cytowania

Memory laws in Turkey : protecting the memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Criminalizing history : legal restrictions on statements and interpretations of the past in Germany, Poland, Rwanda, Turkey and Ukraine / ed. by Klaus Bachmann, Christian Garuka. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2020, s. 107-126.

Grażyna Baranowska’s research was conducted in the framework of her Post-Doctoral research project “Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective (MELA),” funded by HERA grant 15.904, and through a research fellowship at Research Lab: Constitutional Politics in Turkey II at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

Cytowania Cytowania

Penalizing Statements about the Past in Turkey

Responsibility for negation of international crimes / edited by Patrycja Grzebyk ; translated by Mateusz Matuszczak. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, 2020, s. 249-258.

Cytowania Cytowania

Penalizacja wypowiedzi o przeszłości w Turcji

Odpowiedzialność za negowanie zbrodni międzynarodowych / pod redakcją Patrycji Grzebyk. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, 2020, s. 243-251.

Prawa pamięci : uwagi na temat ochrony prawdy o przeszłości

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra

O prawach człowieka : księga jubileuszowa profesora Romana Wieruszewskiego / redakcja naukowa Grażyna Baranowska, Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Anna Hernandez-Połczyńska, Katarzyna Sękowska-Kozłowska ; recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Jan Barcz, dr hab. Celina Nowak. Warszawa : Wolters Kluwer, 2017, s. 353-363.

Funkcjonowanie procedury sprawozdawczej do Komitetu Przeciwko Torturom w odniesieniu do Polski

Mechanizmy ochrony praw człowieka w ramach ONZ : analiza systemowa / Roman Wieruszewski (redakcja) ; autorzy Zdzisław Kędzia [i 5 pozostałych]. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, 2017, s. 343-356.

Komitet do Spraw Wymuszonych Zaginięć

Mechanizmy ochrony praw człowieka w ramach ONZ : analiza systemowa / Roman Wieruszewski (redakcja) ; autorzy Zdzisław Kędzia [i 5 pozostałych]. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, 2017, s. 265-294.

Komitet Przeciwko Torturom

Mechanizmy ochrony praw człowieka w ramach ONZ : analiza systemowa / Roman Wieruszewski (redakcja) ; autorzy Zdzisław Kędzia [i 5 pozostałych]. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, 2017, s. 129-158.

Podkomitet do Spraw Prewencji

Mechanizmy ochrony praw człowieka w ramach ONZ : analiza systemowa / Roman Wieruszewski (redakcja) ; autorzy Zdzisław Kędzia [i 5 pozostałych]. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, 2017, s. 159-176.

Komitet ds. Wymuszonych Zaginięć ONZ : uniwersalna ochrona przed wymuszonymi zaginięciami?

Uniwersalne standardy ochrony praw człowieka a funkcjonowanie systemów politycznych w dobie wyzwań globalnych. 1 / redakcja naukowa Jerzy Jaskiernia, Kamil Spryszak. Toruń : Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2016, s. 342-357.

Referat z VII Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej pt. "Systemy ochrony praw człowieka: europejski i azjatyckie : inspiracja uniwersalna - uwarunkowania kulturowe - bariery realizacyjne", 14-15 kwietnia 2015 r., Warszawa.

ETPC i słuszne zadośćuczynienie w skargach międzypaństwowych : wyrok w sprawie Cypr przeciwko Turcji z 12.05.2014 r.

Odpowiedzialność międzynarodowa w związku z naruszeniem praw człowieka i międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego / pod redakcją Michała Balcerzaka i Julii Kapelańskiej-Pręgowskiej. Toruń : Katedra Praw Człowieka. Wydział Prawa i Administracji. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, 2016, s. 31-47.

Prawa człowieka

Leksykon bezpieczeństwa : wybrane pojęcia / redakcja: Katarzyna Dziubińska-Wójcik, Ryszard Niedźwiecki, Wojciech Saletra, Anna Zagórska. - Kielce : Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, 2016, s. 393.

Powszechna deklaracja praw człowieka

Leksykon bezpieczeństwa : wybrane pojęcia / redakcja: Katarzyna Dziubińska-Wójcik, Ryszard Niedźwiecki, Wojciech Saletra, Anna Zagórska. - Kielce : Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, 2016, s. 388.

Europejska konwencja praw człowieka

Leksykon bezpieczeństwa : wybrane pojęcia / redakcja: Katarzyna Dziubińska-Wójcik, Ryszard Niedźwiecki, Wojciech Saletra, Anna Zagórska. - Kielce : Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, 2016, s. 139.

Międzynarodowe pakty praw człowieka

Leksykon bezpieczeństwa : wybrane pojęcia / redakcja: Katarzyna Dziubińska-Wójcik, Ryszard Niedźwiecki, Wojciech Saletra, Anna Zagórska. - Kielce : Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, 2016, s. 257.

Wysoki Komisarz ONZ ds. Praw Człowieka

Leksykon bezpieczeństwa : wybrane pojęcia / redakcja: Katarzyna Dziubińska-Wójcik, Ryszard Niedźwiecki, Wojciech Saletra, Anna Zagórska. - Kielce : Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, 2016, s. 594.

Wpływ Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka na ustawodawstwo Turcji : uwagi w świetle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka dotyczącego wolności wyznania

Wpływ Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka na systemy ochrony praw człowieka oraz międzynarodowe prawo karne i humanitarne / redakcja naukowa Elżbieta Karska. Warszawa : Katedra Ochrony Praw Człowieka i Prawa Międzynarodowego Humanitarnego Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2013, s. 339-355.


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