Dr Grażyna Baranowska jest adiunktem w Poznańskim Centrum Praw Człowieka INP PAN. Uczestniczyła w licznych międzynarodowych i krajowych projektach badawczych i grantowych, między innymi jako Post-Doctoral Researcher w projekcie Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective (2016-2019), Fellow w Research Law: Constitutional Politics in Turkey II na Uniwersytecie Humboldta (2019), a także w projekcie Fostering Human Rights Among European (Internal and External) Policies (FRAME). W 2019-2020 pracowała ponadto w Niemieckim Instytucie Praw Człowieka w Berlinie, gdzie przygotowywała analizę na temat znaczenia Międzynarodowej Konwencji w sprawie ochrony wszystkich osób przed wymuszonym zaginięciem dla zaginionych migrantów i uchodźców. Obecnie kieruje trzyletnim projektem Osoby zaginione i wymuszone zaginięcia: obowiązki prawnomiędzynarodowe państw finansowanym przez NCN w ramach konkursu Sonata.
“Right to Truth” and Memory Laws : General Rules and Practical Implications
Polish Political Science Yearbook 2018, t. 47, nr 1, s. 97-109.
Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra
The “right to truth” relates to the obligation of the state to provide information about the circumstances surrounding serious violations of human rights. Despite its increasing recognition, the concept raises questions as to its scope and implementation as well as its existence as a free-standing right. Similarly, “memory laws” relate to the way states deal with their past. However, there are certain „memory laws” that, while officially serving as a guarantee for accessing historical truth, lead to its deformation. As a result, an “alternative” truth, based on the will of the legislators, is being imposed. In this article, the authors elaborate on the general nature of the new legal phenomenon of the „right to truth”, as a tool of transitional justice, in particular in the context of both providing and abusing historical truth by the legislators, through the instrument of “memory laws”.
Cytowania: ☞Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra The politics of constitutional memory : mnemonic constitutionalism, historical memory, and collective identity in Poland, Germany and Russia [w:] M. Tushnet, D. Kochenov (red.) Research Handbook on the Politics of Constitutional Law, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023, s. 592-610. ☞Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra Baranowska, Grażyna Wójcik, Anna Law-Secured Narratives of the Past in Poland in Light of International Human Rights Law Standards, Polish Yearbook of International Law 2018, t. 38, s. 59-72. ☞Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra Baranowska, Grażyna Using and Abusing Memory Laws in Search of “Historical Truth’ : The Case of the 2018 Amendments to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance Act’ [w:] N. Tirosh, A. Reading (red.) The Right to Memory : History, Media, Law, and Ethics, New York: Berghahn Books, 2023, s.112-131. ☞Dobrzeniecki, Karol Hrehorowicz, Arleta Czy instytucjonalizacja „prawa do prawdy” jest receptą na kryzys informacyjny?, Gubernaculum et Administratio 2021, nr 2(24), s. 47-62. ☞Kobernjuk, Anna Kasper, Agnes Normativity in the EU’s Approach towards Disinformation, TalTech Journal of European Studies 2021, t. 11, nr 1, s. 170-202.
☞Şerban, Mihaela Law as Mnemonic Infrastructure : Archival Legal Discourses and Memory Battles in Romania, Law, Culture and the Humanities 2024, [online first]. ☞Sadowski, Mirosław Michał Law and Memory : Intersections, Montréal: McGill University, 2023 [Praca doktorska]. ☞Bán, Marina Belavusau, Uladzislau Memory Laws, Bloomsbury History: Theory and Method, 2022. ☞McGlynn, Jade Reliving the past : How the Russian government and media use history to frame the present, Trinity: University of Oxford, 2020 [Praca doktorska]. ☞Myl-Chojnacka, Małgorzata Can Memory and Truth Be Tailored by Law? : Memory Law and the Right to the Truth in Rwanda, Politeja 2023, nr 5(86), s. 343-359. ☞Gaitenidis, Nikolaos The Legal Landscape of Memory : Crafting Historical Narratives Through Law and Its Ramifications, Netherlands International Law Review 2025, t. 72, s. 59-102. ☞López Ulla, Juan Manuel Del derecho a la verdad al deber de memoria : a propósito de la nueva Ley de Memoria Democrática, Revista de Derecho Político 2023, nr 117, s. 99-130. ☞Holl, Jessica Wachau, Jasmin Responding to the Instrumentalization of the Past by Right Wing Actors : Analyzing the Varieties of Law and Memory in Brazil and Germany, Verfassung und Recht in Übersee 2025, t. 57, nr 2, s. 210-242. ☞Shiva, Karthik Taming the Digital Leviathan: Advancing the" Right to Truth" in the Age of Deepfakes and Disinformation [w:] A. Anand (red.) Intersections Between Rights and Technology, Hershey: IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 2024, s. 263-296. ☞Kronestedt, Lisa Between Truth and Reconciliation : The ECHR, Memory Laws and the Northern Ireland Troubles Act, Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 2025 [Praca magisterska]. ☞Kajder, Kaja State politics and local celebrations : Commemorations of Kraków’s Jewish past, Etnografia Polska 2019, t. 63 nr 1-2, s. 169-184. ☞López Ulla, Juan Manuel Las normas de la memoria histórica : la ley andaluza en el contexto del Estado autonómico, Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2021. ☞Lachowski, Tomasz From USSR Totalitarianism to Putinism : Is Nuremberg-2 Trial Possible Concerning Soviet Crimes? [w:] P. Lodyn (red.) Surviving near the Empire : Price of the Modern Kremlin's Aggression, Ivano-Frankivsk: Suprum, 2021, s. 100-153. ☞Kończal, Kornelia La législation sur l'histoire en Pologne : vers un régime victimo-héroïque, Parlement[s]. Revue d'histoire politique 2020, nr 2, s. 45-65. ☞Нелаева, Галина Александровна Право на установление истины в контексте правосудия переходного периода : опыт стран Латинской Америки, Латинская Америка 2020, nr 5, s. 43-52. ☞Dobrzeniecki, Karol Hrehorowicz, Arleta Czy instytucjonalizacja „prawa do prawdy” jest receptą na kryzys informacyjny?, Gubernaculum et Administratio 2021, nr 2(24), s. 47-62.
Law-Secured Narratives of the Past in Poland in Light of International Human Rights Law Standards
Polish Yearbook of International Law 2018, t. XXXVIII, s. 59-72.
Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra; Wójcik, Anna
Given the whole spectrum of doubts and controversies that arise in discussions about lawsaffecting historical memory (and their subcategory of memory laws), the question ofassessingthem in the context ofinternationalstandards ofhuman rights protection -and in particularthe European system ofhuman rights protection -is often overlooked. Thus this article focuseson the implications and conditions for introducing memory laws in light of internationalhuman rights standards using selected examples of various types of recently-adopted Polishmemory laws as case studies. The authors begin with a briefdescription ofthe phenomenon ofmemory laws and the most significant threats that they pose to the protection ofinternationalhuman rights standards. hefollowing sections analyse selected Polish laws affecting historicalmemory vis-a-vis these standards. The analysis covers non-binding declaratory laws affectinghistorical memory, and acts that include criminal law sanctions. The article attempts tosketch the circumstances linking laws affecting historical memory with the human rightsprotection standards, including those entailed both in binding treaties and other instrumentsof international law
Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective MELA (www.melaproject.org) research con-sortium is supported with HERA grant no. 15.094.
Cytowania: ☞Gökarıksel, Saygun Beyond transparency : the communist-era secret police archives in postsocialist Eastern Europe, Archives and Records 2020, t. 41, nr 3, s. 236-253. ☞Belavusau, Uladzislau Memory Laws on Slavery in France and the Netherlands: From Guillotines to Windmills, Law and Critique 2025. ☞Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra Baranowska, Grażyna Using and Abusing Memory Laws in Search of “Historical Truth’ : The Case of the 2018 Amendments to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance Act’ [w:] N. Tirosh, A. Reading (red.) The Right to Memory : History, Media, Law, and Ethics, New York: Berghahn Books, 2023, s. 112-131. ☞Grzebyk, Patrycja Responsibility for negation of international crimes, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, 2020. ☞Baranowska, Grażyna Penalizing Statements about the Past in Turkey [w:] P. Grzebyk (red.) Responsibility for negation of international crimes, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, 2020, s. 249-258.
Osoby zaginione w Kosowie a ONZ : rozważania na tle działalności Komisji Doradczej ds. Praw Człowieka
Polski Rocznik Praw Człowieka i Prawa Humanitarnego 2018, t. 9, s. 21-35.
The article presents an analysis of the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Advisory Panel in Kosovo with regard to investigating disappearances. The Panel was created with the aim to examine alleged violations of human rights by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). The European Convention on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights case-law constituted the basis of the Panel’s reasoning and the majority of its opinions. While there were substantial differences between the complaints to the Panel and to the Court, their jurisprudence in disappearances cases is similar: both bodies approached the burden of proof and procedural obligations of Article 2 of the Convention in the same way, and – depending on the existence of special factors – found violations of Article 3 of the Convention with regard to relatives of the disappeared person. The Panel introduced two important changes while analyzing the violation of the rights of the disappeared persons family: it recognized a violation regardless whether UNMIK was responsible for the disappearances, and it restricted its temporal jurisdiction in this context. The article also analyzes how UNMIK has reacted to the Panel’s recommendations.
Families of disappeared persons in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
European Human Rights Law Review 2018, nr 5, s. 505-514.
Disappearances have long-lasting effects on families, who have to deal with the uncertainty surrounding the fate of their relatives. The European Court of Human Rights has recognised the difficult situation of families of disappeared persons and acknowledges that, under certain circumstances, they may themselves be victims of a violation of art.3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of this article is to present an analysis of the development of the case-law with regard to the relatives of disappeared persons and to show the current practice of the Court.
Advances and progress in the obligation to return the remains of missing and forcibly disappeared persons
International Review of the Red Cross 2018, t. 99 (905), s. 709-733.
This article analyzes the evolution in international law of the obligation to search for and return the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons. Receiving the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons is one of the primary needs of their families, who bring the issue to international courts and non-judicial mechanisms. This obligation has been incrementally recognized and developed by different human rights courts, which have included the obligation to search for and return the remains of disappeared persons in their remedies. In parallel to the development of the obligation by international courts, the international community has begun to become more involved in assisting in return of the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons to their families.
he research for this paper was conducted as part of the MELA project, funded by Humanities in theEuropean Research Area (HERA). The author would like to thank Manfred Nowak, Jeremy Sarkin andAriel Dulitzky for their very helpful comments on early drafts of this paper. Additionally, the paperhas benefited greatly from comments provided by the editorial team of theReviewand anonymousreviewers, for which the author is most grateful. This article reflects the views of the author alone andnot necessarily those of any organization with which she may be affiliated.
Cytowania: ☞Al-Dawoody, Ahmed Winter, Kristy A. Finegan, Oran International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) : Management of the dead under Islamic law, Forensic Science International: Reports 2021, t. 3. ☞Al-Dawoody, Ahmed Management of the dead from the Islamic law and international humanitarian law perspectives : Considerations for humanitarian forensics, International Review of the Red Cross 2017, t. 99 , nr 905, s. 759-784 ☞Mazzarelli, Debora Bertoglio, Barbara Boscacci, Maria Caccia, Giulia Ruffetta, Clara De Angelis, Danilo Fracasso, Tony Baraybar, Jose Pablo Riccio, Silvana Marzagalia, Marzia Maria Cattaneo, Cristina Ambiguous loss in the current migration crisis : A medico-legal, psychological, and psychiatric perspective, Forensic Science International: Mind and Law 2021, t. 2. ☞Baranowska, Grażyna Analysis Disappeared Migrants and Refugees : The Relevance of the International Convention on Enforced Disappearance in their search and protection, Berlin: German Institute for Human Rights, 2020 ☞Hadjigeorgiou, Nasia Truth and Closure in Cyprus : An Assessment of the Committee on Missing Persons, Israel Law Review 2022, t. 55, nr 1, s. 3-24. ☞Bernard, Vincent The disappeared and their families : When suffering is mixed with hope, International Review of the Red Cross 2017, t. 99, nr 905, s. 475-485. ☞Al-Dawoody, Ahmed Ortiz Signoret, Alexandra Respect for the dead under international law and Islamic law in armed conflicts [w:] R.C. Parra, D.H. Ubelaker (red.) Anthropology of Violent Death : Theoretical Foundations for Forensic Humanitarian Action, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2023, s. 219-249. ☞Guercke, Lene Failure of the State Organised Crime and Mexico's Disappeare, Cham: Springer, 2025. ☞Κτωρή, Μαρία Μηλιώνης, Πάνος Ιστορία, ιστοριογραφία, χαρτογραφία και δικαστική αρχαιολογία: τα εργαλεία, οι ενέργειες κι οι «συνέργειες» μέσα από τα προγράμματα ταυτοποίησης των θυμάτων του 1974, Athens University Review of Archaeology 2024, t. 7, s. 247-280.
Why Enforced Disappearances are Perpetrated against Groups as State Policy : Overlaps and Interconnections between Disappearances and Genocide
Católica Law Review 2018, t. 2, nr 3, s. 11-50.
Współautorstwo: Sarkin, Jeremy
Este artigo analisa a ligação entre comunidades e desaparecimentos. Argumenta-se que muitas vezes as vítimas de desaparecimentos pertencem a uma comunidade, particularmente a minorias ou grupos indígenas de algum tipo. O artigo defende que desaparecimentos provocados são utilizados enquanto método de opressão sistemática em muitos países, nos quais grupos de pessoas específicos são particularmente afetados. As suas identidades étnicas, culturais e/ou linguísticas, bem como as suas aspirações políticas servem como fundamento para estes grupos serem considerados como “fontes de contestação”, o que explica o porquê destes grupos serem os principais alvos dos vários Governos. Os objetivos que esses grupos tentam muitas vezes assegurar incluem: uma maior democratização, o fim da descriminação contra o grupo em causa, uma tentativa de impedir que certo recurso seja retirado ao grupo, ou outro objetivo semelhante. O artigo também defende que a perceção correta da “dimensão de grupo” dos desaparecimentos provocados irá assegurar que se poderá fazer mais para não só prevenir, como também para reagir a estes desaparecimentos. Isto é importante, já que se existe uma maior perceção de que membros de uma certa minoria estão em risco de desaparecer, estes podem ser melhor protegidos. O artigo também examina a interligação entre os desaparecimentos forçados e o genocídio. Esta análise é devida em parte porque ambos os atos têm como alvo pessoas semelhantes. Enquanto o genocídio é definido enquanto sendo perpetrado contra grupos de pessoas específicos, os desaparecimentos provocados não implicam a persecução de grupos enquanto elemento necessário do crime. No entanto, tal como o artigo sustenta, desaparecimentos provocados são muitas vezes perpetrados contra membros de grupos específicos, particularmente minorias ou grupos indígenas. O genocídio é um crime que tem inerentemente como alvo grupos, ainda que – enquanto houver intenção de destruir um grupo de pessoas, no todo ou em parte – possa consistir em matar uma única pessoa. Enquanto desaparecimentos podem e muitas vezes são efetuados numa proporção maior (podendo aí ser classificados como crimes contra a Humanidade), eles são normalmente tratados individual e casuisticamente. Esta investigação visa perceber como os desaparecimentos forçados são uma ferramenta popular para controlar e destabilizar uma população subjugada, e como estes poderão ser a estratégia de eleição para um governo que não quer ou não pode cometer o genocídio (ou crimes contra a Humanidade) contra esses grupos. O artigo sustenta que as autoridades públicas que têm como objetivo dissuadir grupos específicos dos seus objetivos, ou persegui-las por qualquer outra razão, mas que não queiram conduzir atos de genocídio contra eles, conduzem muitas vezes campanhas de desaparecimentos. Assim, em vez de eliminar o grupo, o Estado utiliza desaparecimentos como meio de intimidar e perseguir um grupo, de modo a alcançar um resultado específico. O artigo examina, na sua secção final, o que poderá ser feito para lidar com e para tentar prevenir desaparecimentos apontados especificamente a grupos. É feito um conjunto de sugestões relativamente ao que poderá ser feito para prevenir esses desaparecimentos, bem como relativamente a o que se poderá fazer para lidar com eles quando ocorrerem.
Cytowania: ☞Rizvic, Adnan Krticic, Asim Mandzuka, Amir Pucic, Muris Jasaragic, Edin Blau, Soren Managing large volume data sets in the process of identifying missing persons : Contributions from the International Commission on Missing Persons, Journal of Forensic Sciences 2024, t. 69, s. 1690-1698. ☞Sarkin, Jeremy Towards a Greater Understanding of Guarantees of Non-Repetition (GNR) or Non-Recurrence of Human Rights Violations : How GNR Intersects Transitional Justice with Processes of Democratic Governance, State Rebuilding, Reconciliation, Nation Building, and Peace Building, Stanford Journal of International Law 2021, t. 57, s. 191-229. ☞Sarkin, Jeremy The Conflict in Syria and the Failure of International Law to Protect People Globally Mass Atrocities, Enforced Disappearances and Arbitrary Detentions, London: Routledge, 2021 ☞Ashraf, Shala Badshah, Ikram Khan, Usman The role of women's political activism against enforced disappearances in Balochistan : A study of the Baluch missing persons, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2023, t. 24, nr 6, s. 979-993. ☞Guercke, Lene State acquiescence to disappearances in the context of Mexico's 'war on drugs' [w:] S. Mandolessi, K. Olalde (red.) Disappearances in Mexico : From the ‘Dirty War’ to the ‘War on Drugs’, London: Routledge, 2022, s. 127-149. ☞Sarkin, Jeremy Julian Capazorio, Ross Callum The Syrian Conflict as a Test Case for the Limits of the International Community and International Law : Global Politics and State Sovereignty Versus Human Rights Protection, Human Rights Quarterly 2022, t. 44, nr 3, s. 476-513. ☞Üngör, Uğur Ümit Işık, Ayhan Violence against the Kurds in the Turkish Republic [w:] J. Jongerden (red.) The Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Turkey, Abington: Routledge, 2021. ☞Parness, Jeffrey A. State Spoliation Claims in Federal District Courts, Catholic University Law Review 2022, t. 71, nr 1, s. 1-31. ☞Sarkin, Jeremy Calvet Martinez, Elisenda The Global Practice of Systematic Enforced Disappearances of Children in International Law : Strategies for Preventing Future Occurrences and Solving Past Cases, Catholic University Law Review 2022, t. 71, nr 1, s. 33-103. ☞Sarkin, Jeremy Introduction: Understanding How the Historical, Democratic and Human Rights Contexts of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia Affect the Search, Exhumation, and Identification of Conflict-Related Missing Persons in the South Caucasus, Caucasus Survey 2022, t. 10, nr 2, s. 157-177. ☞Baloch, Marvi Construction of Baloch Ethnic Identity In Music on Social Media Platform YouTube, Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2024 [Praca magisterska]. ☞Jesus Martins, Beatriz Carolina Reuniting Families and Ukraine’s Lost Children: Going Beyond Criminal Prosecutions and Ensuring Non-Repetition Through Transitional Justice, Lisboa: Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2024 [Praca magisterska]. ☞Pervou, Ioanna The Right not to Be Subjected to Enforced Disappearance : Concept, Content and Scope. - Cham: Springer, s. 1-40. ☞Flores, Elizabeth Cooperative Repression: A Case Study of Enforced Disappearances in Laos. - Chicago: University of Chicago, 2021 [Praca magisterska]. ☞Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. McLaughlin, Neil Ideacide : How On-Line Petitions and Open Letters Undermine Academic Freedom and Free Expression, Human Rights Quarterly 2022, t. 44, nr 3, s. 451-475. ☞Isik, Ayhan The Emergence, Transformation and Functions of Paramilitary Groups in Northern Kurdistan (Eastern Turkey) in the 1990s, Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2020 [Praca doktorska].