Dr Grażyna Baranowska jest adiunktem w Poznańskim Centrum Praw Człowieka INP PAN. Uczestniczyła w licznych międzynarodowych i krajowych projektach badawczych i grantowych, między innymi jako Post-Doctoral Researcher w projekcie Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective (2016-2019), Fellow w Research Law: Constitutional Politics in Turkey II na Uniwersytecie Humboldta (2019), a także w projekcie Fostering Human Rights Among European (Internal and External) Policies (FRAME). W 2019-2020 pracowała ponadto w Niemieckim Instytucie Praw Człowieka w Berlinie, gdzie przygotowywała analizę na temat znaczenia Międzynarodowej Konwencji w sprawie ochrony wszystkich osób przed wymuszonym zaginięciem dla zaginionych migrantów i uchodźców. Obecnie kieruje trzyletnim projektem Osoby zaginione i wymuszone zaginięcia: obowiązki prawnomiędzynarodowe państw finansowanym przez NCN w ramach konkursu Sonata.
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2013

FORMA

“Right to Truth” and Memory Laws : General Rules and Practical Implications

Polish Political Science Yearbook 2018, t. 47, nr 1, s. 97-109.

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra

The “right to truth” relates to the obligation of the state to provide information about the circumstances surrounding serious violations of human rights. Despite its increasing recognition, the concept raises questions as to its scope and implementation as well as its existence as a free-standing right. Similarly, “memory laws” relate to the way states deal with their past. However, there are certain „memory laws” that, while officially serving as a guarantee for accessing historical truth, lead to its deformation. As a result, an “alternative” truth, based on the will of the legislators, is being imposed. In this article, the authors elaborate on the general nature of the new legal phenomenon of the „right to truth”, as a tool of transitional justice, in particular in the context of both providing and abusing historical truth by the legislators, through the instrument of “memory laws”.

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Law-Secured Narratives of the Past in Poland in Light of International Human Rights Law Standards

Polish Yearbook of International Law 2018, t. XXXVIII, s. 59-72.

Współautorstwo: Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra; Wójcik, Anna

Given the whole spectrum of doubts and controversies that arise in discussions about lawsaffecting historical memory (and their subcategory of memory laws), the question ofassessingthem in the context ofinternationalstandards ofhuman rights protection -and in particularthe European system ofhuman rights protection -is often overlooked. Thus this article focuseson the implications and conditions for introducing memory laws in light of internationalhuman rights standards using selected examples of various types of recently-adopted Polishmemory laws as case studies. The authors begin with a briefdescription ofthe phenomenon ofmemory laws and the most significant threats that they pose to the protection ofinternationalhuman rights standards. hefollowing sections analyse selected Polish laws affecting historicalmemory vis-a-vis these standards. The analysis covers non-binding declaratory laws affectinghistorical memory, and acts that include criminal law sanctions. The article attempts tosketch the circumstances linking laws affecting historical memory with the human rightsprotection standards, including those entailed both in binding treaties and other instrumentsof international law

Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective MELA (www.melaproject.org) research con-sortium is supported with HERA grant no. 15.094.

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Osoby zaginione w Kosowie a ONZ : rozważania na tle działalności Komisji Doradczej ds. Praw Człowieka

Polski Rocznik Praw Człowieka i Prawa Humanitarnego 2018, t. 9, s. 21-35.

The article presents an analysis of the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Advisory Panel in Kosovo with regard to investigating disappearances. The Panel was created with the aim to examine alleged violations of human rights by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). The European Convention on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights case-law constituted the basis of the Panel’s reasoning and the majority of its opinions. While there were substantial differences between the complaints to the Panel and to the Court, their jurisprudence in disappearances cases is similar: both bodies approached the burden of proof and procedural obligations of Article 2 of the Convention in the same way, and – depending on the existence of special factors – found violations of Article 3 of the Convention with regard to relatives of the disappeared person. The Panel introduced two important changes while analyzing the violation of the rights of the disappeared persons family: it recognized a violation regardless whether UNMIK was responsible for the disappearances, and it restricted its temporal jurisdiction in this context. The article also analyzes how UNMIK has reacted to the Panel’s recommendations.

Families of disappeared persons in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights

European Human Rights Law Review 2018, nr 5, s. 505-514.

Disappearances have long-lasting effects on families, who have to deal with the uncertainty surrounding the fate of their relatives. The European Court of Human Rights has recognised the difficult situation of families of disappeared persons and acknowledges that, under certain circumstances, they may themselves be victims of a violation of art.3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of this article is to present an analysis of the development of the case-law with regard to the relatives of disappeared persons and to show the current practice of the Court.

Advances and progress in the obligation to return the remains of missing and forcibly disappeared persons

International Review of the Red Cross 2018, t. 99 (905), s. 709-733.

This article analyzes the evolution in international law of the obligation to search for and return the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons. Receiving the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons is one of the primary needs of their families, who bring the issue to international courts and non-judicial mechanisms. This obligation has been incrementally recognized and developed by different human rights courts, which have included the obligation to search for and return the remains of disappeared persons in their remedies. In parallel to the development of the obligation by international courts, the international community has begun to become more involved in assisting in return of the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons to their families.

he research for this paper was conducted as part of the MELA project, funded by Humanities in theEuropean Research Area (HERA). The author would like to thank Manfred Nowak, Jeremy Sarkin andAriel Dulitzky for their very helpful comments on early drafts of this paper. Additionally, the paperhas benefited greatly from comments provided by the editorial team of theReviewand anonymousreviewers, for which the author is most grateful. This article reflects the views of the author alone andnot necessarily those of any organization with which she may be affiliated.

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Why Enforced Disappearances are Perpetrated against Groups as State Policy : Overlaps and Interconnections between Disappearances and Genocide

Católica Law Review 2018, t. 2, nr 3, s. 11-50.

Współautorstwo: Sarkin, Jeremy

Este artigo analisa a ligação entre comunidades e desaparecimentos. Argumenta-se que muitas vezes as vítimas de desaparecimentos pertencem a uma comunidade, particularmente a minorias ou grupos indígenas de algum tipo. O artigo defende que desaparecimentos provocados são utilizados enquanto método de opressão sistemática em muitos países, nos quais grupos de pessoas específicos são particularmente afetados. As suas identidades étnicas, culturais e/ou linguísticas, bem como as suas aspirações políticas servem como fundamento para estes grupos serem considerados como “fontes de contestação”, o que explica o porquê destes grupos serem os principais alvos dos vários Governos. Os objetivos que esses grupos tentam muitas vezes assegurar incluem: uma maior democratização, o fim da descriminação contra o grupo em causa, uma tentativa de impedir que certo recurso seja retirado ao grupo, ou outro objetivo semelhante. O artigo também defende que a perceção correta da “dimensão de grupo” dos desaparecimentos provocados irá assegurar que se poderá fazer mais para não só prevenir, como também para reagir a estes desaparecimentos. Isto é importante, já que se existe uma maior perceção de que membros de uma certa minoria estão em risco de desaparecer, estes podem ser melhor protegidos. O artigo também examina a interligação entre os desaparecimentos forçados e o genocídio. Esta análise é devida em parte porque ambos os atos têm como alvo pessoas semelhantes. Enquanto o genocídio é definido enquanto sendo perpetrado contra grupos de pessoas específicos, os desaparecimentos provocados não implicam a persecução de grupos enquanto elemento necessário do crime. No entanto, tal como o artigo sustenta, desaparecimentos provocados são muitas vezes perpetrados contra membros de grupos específicos, particularmente minorias ou grupos indígenas. O genocídio é um crime que tem inerentemente como alvo grupos, ainda que – enquanto houver intenção de destruir um grupo de pessoas, no todo ou em parte – possa consistir em matar uma única pessoa. Enquanto desaparecimentos podem e muitas vezes são efetuados numa proporção maior (podendo aí ser classificados como crimes contra a Humanidade), eles são normalmente tratados individual e casuisticamente. Esta investigação visa perceber como os desaparecimentos forçados são uma ferramenta popular para controlar e destabilizar uma população subjugada, e como estes poderão ser a estratégia de eleição para um governo que não quer ou não pode cometer o genocídio (ou crimes contra a Humanidade) contra esses grupos. O artigo sustenta que as autoridades públicas que têm como objetivo dissuadir grupos específicos dos seus objetivos, ou persegui-las por qualquer outra razão, mas que não queiram conduzir atos de genocídio contra eles, conduzem muitas vezes campanhas de desaparecimentos. Assim, em vez de eliminar o grupo, o Estado utiliza desaparecimentos como meio de intimidar e perseguir um grupo, de modo a alcançar um resultado específico. O artigo examina, na sua secção final, o que poderá ser feito para lidar com e para tentar prevenir desaparecimentos apontados especificamente a grupos. É feito um conjunto de sugestões relativamente ao que poderá ser feito para prevenir esses desaparecimentos, bem como relativamente a o que se poderá fazer para lidar com eles quando ocorrerem.

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