Kryminolog i badacz migracji; doktor habilitowany nauk prawnych, profesor w Instytucie Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk oraz współpracownik Ośrodka Badań nad Migracjami Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, członek zarządu Stowarzyszenia Interwencji Prawnej (w latach 2005-2019 prezes), członek Komitetu Badań nad Migracjami PAN (kadencja 2019-2022) oraz Komitetu Nauk Prawnych PAN (kadencja 2020-2023), redaktor naczelny „Archiwum Kryminologii”, stypendysta Max Planck Society, British Academy oraz rządu USA, absolwent Szkoły Praw Człowieka Helsińskiej Fundacji Praw Człowieka oraz Podyplomowego Studium Ewaluacji Programów Społecznych prowadzonego przez Instytut Socjologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, autor prac z zakresu kryminologii, wiktymologii, praw człowieka, migracji i uchodźstwa.
Propozycja definicji pracy przymusowej : projekt art. 115 § 22b Kodeksu karnego
Prawo w Działaniu 2020, t. 41, s. 229-237.
Współautorstwo: Makarska, Małgorzata
Wiele ustawodawstw boryka się z problemem zdefiniowania pracy przymusowej. Niewiele w tym zakresie pomaga prawo międzynarodowe, bowiem definicję taką możemy znaleźć wyłącznie w Konwencji nr 29 Międzynarodowej Organizacja Pracy – i jest ona przeterminowana i nieprzystająca do obecnych potrzeb. Brak definicji pracy przymusowej jest jedną z głównych przyczyn powodujących, że to zjawisko (które staje się obecnie coraz powszechniejsze) jest tak trudne do zidentyfikowania przez organy ścigania zajmujące się zwalczaniem handlu ludźmi, a jego sprawcy są tak rzadko doprowadzani przed oblicze wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Wiele dyskutuje się, czy praca przymusowa powinna stanowić odrębne przestępstwo czy też jest ona (i powinna być) rozumiana jako forma handlu ludźmi (co sugeruje wiele dokumentów międzynarodowych). Autorzy niniejszej pracy przychylają się do tego drugiego stanowiska. Uważamy, że szczególnie w polskich warunkach jest ono zdecydowanie bardziej efektywne, bowiem w naszym kraju funkcjonuje szeroko rozbudowany system przeciwdziałania handlowi ludźmi i wsparcia dla jego ofiar. Organy ścigania są przygotowane do wykrywania tego zjawiska, a legalna definicja pracy przymusowej będzie stanowiła dodatkowy (i obecnie brakujący) element, który zwiększy ich skuteczność w walce z tym przestępstwem.
Many legislations struggle with defi ning forced labour. There is not much help from international law, since the only regulation in this matter is the 1930 International Labour Organisation Convention No. 29, which is out of date and not fi t for the current needs. The lack of a clear defi nition of forced labour is one of the main obstacles making this phenomenon (which is becoming increasingly common nowadays) so diffi cult to identify for law enforcement agencies, which is why its perpetrators are so rarely brought to justice. There are many discussions about whether forced labour should be construed as a separate offence or whether it is (and should be) understood as a form of human traffi cking (as many international documents suggest). The authors of this paper prefer the latter view. We believe that such a solution is more productive (especially in the Polish perspective), because Poland has developed a whole system of counteracting human traffi cking and providing assistance to its survivors. In addition, law enforcement agencies are well trained in identifying this phenomenon, while a legal defi nition of forced labour will be an additional (currently lacking) element that can make their efforts in fi ghting this offence more effective.
Przemoc w doświadczeniach kobiet w kryzysie bezdomności
Zmierzyć i zrozumieć przestępczość : tom jubileuszowy ofiarowany Profesor Beacie Gruszczyńskiej / redakcja naukowa Maria Niełaczna, Paweł Ostaszewski, Andrzej Rzepliński. Warszawa : Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2020, s. 182-195.
Granice prawa : księga jubileuszowa Profesora Andrzeja Siemaszki / pod redakcją Pawła Ostaszewskiego i Konrada Buczkowskiego. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, 2020, s. 143-172.
Relations between immigration and integration policies in Europe : challenges, opportunities and perspectives in selected EU member states / edited by Maciej Duszczyk, Marta Pachocka and Dominika Pszczółkowska. London ; New York : Routledge, 2021, s. 7-23.
Migration policies have become strongly politicised in Western Europe in the last decades, and in Central and Eastern Europe in the last years. This was due in part to the absence or failures of integration policies. This chapter summarises the theoretical thinking on how and under the influence of which factors (economic policies, foreign policies and international obligations, national traditions) immigration policies are formulated and reflects on how and by whom they should be formulated. It discusses the role of not only national but also local authorities, NGOs and the media. Finally, it argues that an effective migration policy should include the full spectrum of the state’s areas of intervention in migration: immigration, emigration, preventing irregular migration and – most importantly – integration. Integration policy, which should stimulate a two-way process between immigrants and the receiving society, should not be treated as secondary, as decisions in immigration policy must be made based on the effects of previous integration policies.
Cytowania: ☞Atal, Mojib Rahman Institutional Violence against Afghan Refugees : An Analysis of Violence in Institutions in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden from a Comparative Perspective, Wiesbaden: Springer, 2024. ☞Mucha, Zbyněk Dichotomous rhetoric and purposeful silencing: Contradictions of Czech and Polish post-2015 migration policy vis-á-vis immigration from South Asia, New Perspectives. Interdisciplinary Journal of Central & East European Politics and International Relations 2024, t. 32, nr 1, s. 52-73. ☞Biczynska, Ewelina Maria Olishevska, Yuliia Dziemianowicz, Wojciech The resilience of the Warsaw metropolis to future migration inflows in the opinion of local government authorities, Miscellanea Geographica 2025, t. 29, nr 4, s. 221-231. ☞Ślęzak-Belowska, Ewa Paragi, Beáta The multi-level governance and actors' perspective on technologies in migrants' integration [w:] Ewa Ślęzak-Belowska, Marie Jelínková, Agnieszka Bielewska, Karin Amit (red.) Technology and Forced Migration : Ukrainian Migrants in Central and Eastern Europe, London: Routledge, 2025, s. ☞Solga, Brygida Tereszkiewicz, Filip Challenges of Poland's Migration Policy from the Perspective of the Experiences of Selected European Union Countries, European Research Studies Journal 2020, t. ΧΧΙΙΙ, nr 2, s. 434-450. ☞Kościółek, Jakub Children's Well-Being as the Cornerstone of a Child-Centred Asylum Policy : The (In) visibility of Underage Asylum-Seeker Needs in Poland, Kultura i Edukacja 2023, t. 140, nr 2, s. 78-102. ☞Bulandra, Adam Kościółek, Jakub The Local Dimension of Children’s Integration in the Educational System in Poland [w:] Mateja Sedmak, Fernando Hernández-Hernández, Juana M. Sancho-Gil, Barbara Gornik (red.) Migrant Children’s Integration and Education in Europe Approaches, Methodologies and Policies, Barcelona: Octaedro, 2021, s. 285-300. ☞Mihăilă, Monica Cătălina Guvernarea migrației internaționale. Politici de integrare a migranților abordări, domenii, efecte, Timişoara: Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara, 2024 [Praca doktorska].
Between Closing Borders to Refugees and Welcoming Ukrainian Workers : Polish Migration Law at the Crossroads
Europe and the refugee response : a crisis of values? / edited by Elzbieta M. Gozdziak, Izabella Main and Brigitte Suter. London : Routledge, 2020, s. 74-90.
The ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015 was a watershed moment in Polish migration policy. It became one of the prominent issues of the 2015 election campaign and resulted in the win of the Law and Justice Party, one of the far-right political parties which withdrew Poland from the EU refugee relocation scheme. Although asylum law has not changed much in Poland, some of the regulations were toughened for ‘security reasons.’ As a result, Polish borders became practically closed to asylum seekers. Simultaneously, a parallel reality was created for economic immigrants from Ukraine. Since 2016 more than one million Ukrainians have worked in Poland each year. They became one of the critical pillars of Polish economy. Polish labor migration legislation remains very open (especially comparing to other EU countries). This chapter presents the duality in the approach to migration and immigrants of the Polish government. It describes the main changes in migration legislation and their official justification.
Cytowania: ☞Klaus, Witold Szulecka, Monika Departing or Being Deported? : Poland’s Approach towards Humanitarian Migrants, Journal of Refugee Studies 2022, t. 36, nr 3, s. 467-488. ☞Schultz, Caroline Lutz, Philipp Simon, Stephan Explaining the immigration policy mix : Countries’ relative openness to asylumand labour migration, European Journal of Political Research 2021, t. 60, s. 763-784. ☞Hargrave, Karen Homel, Kseniya Dražanová, Lenka Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants : Poland country profile, London: ODI Country Study, 2023. ☞Graban, Artem Instrumentalisation of fear and securitisation of “Eastern Borders Route” : the case of Poland-Belarus “border crisis”, European Security 2024, t. 33, nr 2, s. 236-260. ☞Ćwirynkało, Katarzyna Parchomiuk, Monika Bartnikowska, Urszula Antoszewska, Beata Barzykowski, Krystian Assessing polish teachers’ competencies in working with Ukrainian refugee students : a comparative study across different contexts, International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2024, t. 101, 102005. ☞Wnuk, Anna Oleksy, Tomasz Lewicka, Maria Attached to place, threatened by newcomers? : The threat to a place's cultural continuity as a mediator between place attachment and attitudes towards war refugees, 2023, t. 92, 102182. ☞Tomczak-Boczko, Justyna Gołębiowska, Klaudia Górny, Maciej Who is a ‘true refugee’? : Polish political discourse in 2021–2022, Discourse Studies 2023, t. 25, nr 6, s. 799-822. ☞Dück, Elena Weisner, Zina Thevenin, Elodie Female, deserving, and European? : The changing EUropean migration discourse in the face of the Russia–Ukraine war, Politische Vierteljahresschrift 2025, t. 66, s. 101-124. ☞Klaus, Witold The Porous Border Woven with Prejudices and Economic Interests : Polish Border Admission Practices in the Time of COVID-19, Social Sciences 2021, t. 10, nr 11, s. 435-448. ☞Goździak, Elżbieta M. Main, Izabela Contesting flexible solidarity : Poland and the “Migration Crisis”, Frontiers in Human Dynamics 2020, t. 2, s. 1-13. ☞Ulum, Ömer Gökhan Refugee voices unheard : bridging the communication divide between Turkish police and refugees, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 2025, [online first], s. 1-22. ☞Perkowska, Magdalena Gutauskas, Aurelijus Were the Lithuanian and Polish Responses to the Refugee Influx Legal or Illegal?, Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 2023, t. 28, nr 1, s. 117-136. ☞Rydzewski, Robert The Balkan route : hope, migration and Europeanisation in liminal spaces, Abingdon: Routledge, 2024. ☞Van Malleghem, Pieter-Augustijn Legalism and the European Union's rule of law crisis, European Law Open 2024, t. 3, nr 1, s. 50-89. ☞Jaroszewicz, Marta Grzymski, Jan Technocracy revisited : the Polish security dispositif and Ukrainian migration to Poland, Journal of Contemporary European Research 2021, t. 17, nr 2, s. 258-280. ☞Kekstaite, Julija Vandevoordt, Robin Departheid in the Post‐Soviet Space? : The Shifting Geopolitics and Racialisation of Migration Governance in Lithuania, Antipode 2025, t. 57, nr 2, s. 1557-1575. ☞Hogeforster, Max Ginevičius, Romualdas From barriers to bridges : enhancing labour market dynamics through refugee integration in Europe [w:] New Trends in Contemporary Economics, Business and Management, 2024, s. 1–9. ☞Perkowska, Magdalena Adamczyk, Anita Jomma, Fuad Poland's response to the migration crisis on the Belarusian border : a legal perspective [w:] Elżbieta Kużelewska, Agnieszka Kasińska-Metryka, Karolina Pałka-Suchojad, Agnieszka Piekutowska (red.) Geopolitical and Humanitarian Aspects of the Belarus–EU Border Conflict, London: Routledge, 2024 s. 181-199. ☞Mielczarek‐Żejmo, Anna Polish Universities Towards the Discourse Stigmatising Refugees, European Journal of Education 2025, t. 60, nr 2, e70068 ☞Brandariz, José A. Comparative border criminology : promises and pitfalls [w:] Mary Bosworth, Katja Franko, Maggy Lee, Rimple Mehta (red.) Handbook on Border Criminology, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024, s. 72-88. ☞Baranowska, Grażyna Pushbacks in Poland : Grounding the Practice in Domestic Law in 2021, Polish Yearbook of International Law 2021, t. XLI, s. 193-211. ☞Klaus, Witold Eastern Europe : Adrift between the North and the South : Deportation practices from the Polish perspective [w:] Border Criminologies from the Periphery : Cross-National Conversations on Bordered Penality / José A. Brandariz, Giulia Fabini, Cristina Fernández-Bessa, Valeria Ferraris (eds.) – Abingdon: Routledge, 2025, s. 322-338. ☞Klaus, Witold Duszczyk, Maciej Pszczółkowska, Dominika Which Factors Influence States’ Migration Policies? [w:] Maciej Duszczyk, Marta Pachocka, Dominika Pszczółkowska (red.) Relations between Immigration and Integration Policies in Europe, Abingdon: Routledge, 2020, s. 7-23. ☞Fiałkowska, Kamila Bucholc, Marta Sedentarist Metaphysics of Nation State : Ukrainian Roma as Refugees (2022) [w:] Established-Outsiders Relations in Poland : Reconfiguring Elias and Scotson, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2024, s. 199-225. ☞Klaus, Witold Szulecka, Monika The Judiciary Power of Discretion in Sanctioning the Facilitation of Unauthorised Stay in Poland, International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy 2021, t. 10, nr 3, s. 72-86. ☞White, Anne Polish Cities of Migration : the migration transition in Kalisz, Piła and Płock, London: UCL Press, 2024. ☞Szulecka, Monika Klaus, Witold Strąk, Katarzyna Poza programem czy zgodnie z programem? : Refleksje po pięciu latach obowiązywania „Europejskiego programu w zakresie migracji”, Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 2021, t. 47, nr 2 (180), s. 7-17. ☞Clifton-Sprigg, Joanna Ines, Bath Vujić, Sunčica Refugee Exposure and Political Backlash : Poland During the Russia-Ukraine War, Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics, 2025. ☞Perkowska, Magdalena Polish Response to Irregular Migration in Recent Years, Revista Española de Investigación Criminológica 2020, t. 8, nr 2, s. 1-33. ☞Wanke, Michał Refugee Hierarchies in Poland : between Legitimizing and Resisting Injustice amid the Reception of Ukrainian War Refugees, ET-Studies 2023, t. 14, nr 1, s. 65-83. ☞Krivonos, Daria Buses that come full circle: Ukrainian “whiteness”, labour migrants and race on eastern margins [w:] Kasia Narkowicz, Anna Gawlewicz, Konrad Pędziwiatr (red.) Migration and Race : Central and Eastern European Perspectives, London: Routledge, 2025, s. 14-31. ☞Labanauskas, Liutauras Cultural Diversity in Lithuania : Challenges and Contradictions in Combating Hate Crime [w:] Petia Genkova, Matt Flynn, Michael Morley, Martina Rasticová (red.) Handbook of Diversity Competence European Perspectives, Cham: Spriger, 2025, s. 277-294.
☞Rydzewski, Robert The ‘Refugee Crisis’ : an Anthropological Case Study of the Serbian Part of the Western Balkan Route, Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2020 [Praca doktorska]. ☞Miklóssy, Katalin Illiberal Advantages of Migration Hungarian and Polish Narratives in Comparison [w:] Anna-Liisa Heusala (red.) Global Migration and Illiberalism in Russia, Eurasia, and Eastern Europe, Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 2024, s. 35-73. ☞Szulecka, Monika Klaus, Witold Who assists irregular migrants in Poland and at what cost? : a court files' analysis of convictions of facilitating unauthorised stay of migrants, Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 2021, nr 2, s. 87-114. ☞Giesen, Jonte Maria van A Polish Tale of Securitization The Polish Law and Justice Party’s Securitization in the Context of Different Refugee Movements between 2015 and 2022, Praha: Charles University, 2023 [Praca licencjacka]. ☞Czeczelewski, Dawid Perceptions and Lived Realities of Ukrainian Migrants in Warsaw: Unveiling Stereotypes, Paternalism, and Acculturation Strategies, Vienna: Central European University, 2023 [Praca licencjacka]. ☞Ahmad Torres, Sara Selective solidarity : a critical analysis of Spanish and Polish asylum policies in the face of overlapping migration crises, Kortowski Przegląd Prawniczy 2025, nr 3, s. 123-137. ☞Goździak, Elżbieta M. Human Trafficking as a New (In)Security Threat, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. ☞Hernandez, Nicolas Political, Cultural, and Legal Factors that Triggered Article 7 in Hungary and Poland, Boise: Boise State University, 2022 [Praca magisterska]. ☞Kleininger-Wanik, Clara Wanke, Michał Ungoverned Living : Exploring Migrant Residency Practices in Poland [w:] Francesco Lo Piccolo, Annalisa Mangiaracina, Giuseppe Paternostro, Vincenzo Todaro (red.) In and Out : Rights of Migrants in the European Space, Cham: Springer, 2024 s. 33-45. ☞Yeliseyeu, Andrei Fihel, Agnieszka Rakowska, Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk, Paweł Country Brief on Irregular Migration Policy Context, Measuring Irregular Migration, 2024. ☞Perkowska, Magdalena Criminality by foreign nationals in Poland and the state’s legal response, Católica Law Review 2020, t. 4, nr 3, s. 83-111.
How Does Crimmigration Unfold in Poland? : Between Securitization Introduced to Polish Migration Policy by Its Europeanization and Polish Xenophobia
Crimmigrant Nations : Resurgent Nationalism and the Closing of Borders / Robert E. Koulish, Maartje Amalia Hermina van der Woude (ed.) – New York: Fordham University Press, 2020, s. 298-315.
The literature on securitisation of migration and criminalisation of migrants as individuals is relatively abundant. What it is missing, however, is the focus on the countries of Central Europe. Their history, whether that of migration development or the development of law and migration policy is often significantly different from that of the other countries of the Global North. In the paper I will be relying on the approach proposed by Leanne Weber and Jude McCulloch, which combines three mid-level theories – Juliet Stumpf’s ‘crimmigration’, Mary Bosworth and Mhairi Guild’s ‘new penology’ and Susan Krasmann’s critique of ‘enemy penology’ (Weber & McCulloch, 2018). Using Poland as the case study, I would like to demonstrate how these three doctrines complement one another to create a suitable tool to analyse the fragment of the social reality that is the current Polish migration policy. Poland is an example of a country where the processes described by the theories quoted by Weber and McCulloch’s happened more quickly and sometimes in the reverse order than in other countries of west Europe.
Cytowania: ☞Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina Pachocka, Marta Pędziwiatr, Konrad Szałasińska, Justyna Szulecka, Monika From Reception to Integration of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Poland, Abingdon: Routledge, 2023. ☞Klaus, Witold The Porous Border Woven with Prejudices and Economic Interests : Polish Border Admission Practices in the Time of COVID-19, Social Sciences 2021, t. 10, nr 11, s. 435-448. ☞Ballesteros-Pena, Ana Fernández-Bessa, Cristina Brandariz, José A. The obsolescence of detention : versatility, expendability and plasticity in the field of immigration confinement, Punishment & Society 2023, t. 26, nr 3, s. 527-546. ☞Klaus, Witold Criminalisation of forced marriages in Poland : the critical analyses of the reasons behind this current legal change, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 2025, t. 83, online first. ☞Bloch, Natalia Is a woman a better refugee than a Man? : Gender representations of refugees in the Polish public debate, Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny 2023, nr 3, s. 39-56. ☞Paffrath, Julian Simon, Bernd Dis-embedded identity of majority members: The case of Catholics in Poland, Journal of Conflict Resolution 2023, t. 67, nr 9, s. 1757-1782. ☞Krępa, Mateusz Split personality of the sovereign : The interplay of power within bordering practices of exclusion at the Polish-Belarusian border, Sprawy Narodowościowe 2022, nr 54, s. 1-15. ☞Kosiel-Pająk, Marika Sadowski, Piotr British and Polish Temporary Protection Schemes... : Addressing Displaced Persons from Ukraine, Časopis pro právní vědu a praxi 2023, t. 31, nr 4, s. 887-912. ☞Klajn, Maryla The Forced Returns of Polish Citizens : Cross-Border Transfers on the Polish–German Border in the Context of the Discretionary Powers of the Border Guards, Central and Eastern European Migration Review 2021, t. 10, nr 1, s. 119-142. ☞Kazlauskaitė, Rūta Pyrhönen, Niko Bauvois, Gwenaëlle Mediating shame and pride: countermedia coverage of Independence Day in Poland and the US [w:] Mary Holmes, Åsa Wettergren, Nathan Manning, Quah Ee Ling, Maja Sawicka (red.) Emotions and Society, Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2022, s. 199-221. ☞Perkowska, Magdalena Facilitator or victim? : On punishment for facilitating illegal border crossings during the Polish–Belarusian humanitarian border crisis, Archiwum Kryminologii 2024, t. XLVI, nr 1, s. 37-67. ☞Stępka, Maciej Surveillance and security in immigrant detention centres in Poland : an overview of key technologies and practices, Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny 2022, nr 4 (186), s. 53-71. ☞Kumar, Mithilesh Narkowicz, Kasia The Un-Human Beings : The Denial of Muslim Migrants’ Bodies in India and Poland, Interventions 2023, t. 25, nr 4, s. 413-430. ☞Krępa, Mateusz Emancipation in a Reception System : Asylum-Seekers in Poland in a Security Grey Zone Between Liberal Democracy and Nation-State, Central and Eastern European Migration Review 2021, t. 10, nr 2, s. 5-22. ☞Klaus, Witold Criminalisation of forced marriages in Poland : the critical analyses of the reasons behind this current legal change, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 2025, t. 83, online first. ☞Eşençay, Selen The Nexus between Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Poland's (De) Europeanization, Ankara: Bilkent Universitesi, 2022 [Praca magisterska]. ☞Krępa, Mateusz Pachocka, Marta Trylińska, Anna Sieniow, Tomasz Jaroszewicz, Marta WP3 Country Dossier : Return Migration Infrastructures – Poland and Georgia, GAPs Working Paper 2025, nr 18. ☞Gołębiewski, Filip Antoni Kwiatkowska, Anita Islam in the media : the images of Muslims in Polish traditional and online media, Dyskurs & Dialog 2025, t. 15, nr 1, s. 83-94. ☞Babakova, Olena Fiałkowska, Kamila Kindler, Marta Zessin-Jurek, Lidia Who is a 'true' refugee? : On the limits of Polish hospitality, CMR Spotlight 2022, nr 6 (41), s. 2-14.
Cytowania