Władza, wiedza, prawo : eksperci a decyzje polityczne

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 2025, nr 1 (83), s. 69-81.

Tekst prezentuje zagadnienie rzeczywistej funkcji ekspertyz prawnych w sprawowaniu władzy i życiu politycznym. W tekście wskazane są wątpliwości dotyczące celów zasięgania opinii w procesie podejmowania decyzji, a następnie cechy opinii w zakresu prawa, obiektu kontestowalnego i nie poddającego się jednorodnej metodologii. Z tym związana jest iluzja obiektywności i weryfikowalności opinii prawnych, a zatem ich szczególne miejsce w uzasadnianiu podejmowanych decyzji władczych. Jak wskazuje autor, wykorzystanie autorytetu epistemicznego w życiu politycznym jest szczególnym narzędziem sprawowania władzy.

The article presents the issue of the real function of legal expertise in governance and political life. The text indicates doubts about the purposes of consulting opinions in the decision-making process, followed by the characteristics of opinions in the field of law, a contestable object and not subject to homogeneous methodology. Related to this is the illusion of the objectivity and verifiability of legal opinions, and therefore their special place in justifying authoritative decisions. As the author points out, the use of epistemic authority in political life is a particular tool for the exercise of power.

Planowanie przestrzeni : czy ktoś go potrzebuje?

Prawodomieszkania.pl z 18.06.2025 r.

Współautorstwo: Warsza, Robert

Deficyt mieszkań? : To nie takie proste... : O problemach mieszkalnictwa społecznego

Prawodomieszkania.pl z 18.04.2025 r.

Współautorstwo: Załęczna, Magdalena

Children as refugees : The Polish response to the special needs of minors arriving from Ukraine after 24 February 2022

Refugees, Resources, Security, and Beyond : Legal and Broader Impacts of the War in Ukraine on Hungary and Poland / editors Réka Friedery, Csaba Weiner and Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiadó, 2025, s. 46-52.

The Russian aggression against Ukraine forced millions of Ukrainian people, feeling hostility or being directly affected by its consequences, to seek refuge in Poland. A special group among them have been children, who arrived in Polish territories either with their caregivers (parent or institutional caregivers) or alone. The spontaneous initial exodus from Ukraine, as well as the subsequent migration of Ukrainians, made it difficult to specify the number of Ukrainian children who began to permanently reside in Poland. According to estimates by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by 2 May 2022, 3.097 million refugees from Ukraine had arrived in Poland, 43.3% of whom were children under 17 years of age. UNICEF estimates in June 2022 show that the proportion of children among those arriving in Poland from Ukraine was as high as 50%. By November 2023, i.e. 20 months after the outbreak of war, 293,229 children of school age (up to the age of 18) were registered under the PESEL number. This is approximately the number of refugee children who have settled in Poland, or, in any case, whose guardians have applied for them to become permanent legal residents in Poland. This is a significant number of children, and their arrival created a serious commitment on the part of the Polish authorities, undertaken with unequivocal public support. The enormous assistance spontaneously provided by Poles in the first months of the Ukrainian exodus—consisting of personal benefits, material support and the provision of shelter in their own homes on a massive scale—could not replace the systemic actions of the state to provide protection and care for those who usually suffer quietly but most painfully during the war, namely children. These challenges had to be addressed in Polish law, particularly in the law passed three weeks after Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The Act of 12 March 2022 on Assistance to Citizens of Ukraine in Connection with the Armed Conflict on the Territory of Ukraine (hereinafter: the Special Act) introduced specific regulations on the education, upbringing and care of children and pupils who are citizens of Ukraine. It also defined forms of support for local self-governments needed to fulfil additional tasks in this area. The tasks facing the Polish authorities can be divided into three categories. The first category includes issues related to registering children and providing them with care. Many of them arrived without parents—often alone, and also as children staying in care institutions evacuated to the territory of Poland. The first and most urgent need was, therefore, to provide such children with continuous legal care and to protect them from attempts to exploit their situation for criminal purposes. The second group of tasks was related to ensuring conditions for children’s education in the Polish education system. Finally, the third category involved responding to their special needs related to the tragic and difficult situation for all—especially for children—of a sudden separation from family, relatives and friends, as well as the trauma of war experiences. This response required a system of psychological support for children, along with a coherent and robust system of health and educational care, and a system of material support.

The research was co-funded by the governments of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia through the International Visegrad Fund under the Visegrad project 22320067. The Fund’s mission is to promote sustainable regional cooperation in Central Europe.

Prawo do schronienia : reakcja ustawodawcy na masową migrację spowodowaną rosyjską agresją na Ukrainę : raport krajowy – Polska

Współautorstwo: Mężykowska, Aleksandra; Polak, Piotr

Warszawa : Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN, 2025

Seria: Raporty INP PAN

ISBN 9788368199147

47 stron. Bibliografia - s. 43-47.

Raport został przygotowany w ramach projektu Shelter law-making. Legal response to massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine (Grant Wyszehradzki nr 22320067), współfinansowanego przez rządy Czech, Węgier, Polski i Słowacji w ramach Grantów Wyszehradzkich Międzynarodowego Funduszu Wyszehradzkiego. Misją funduszu jest promowanie idei zrównoważonej współpracy regionalnej w Europie Środkowej.

Shelter law-making : Legal response to the massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine : National report – Poland

Współautorstwo: Mężykowska, Aleksandra; Polak, Piotr

Warsaw : Publishing House of ILS PAS, 2025

Seria: ILS PAS Reports

ISBN 9788368199055

47 stron. Bibliografia - s. 42-47.

The report is a part of the project Shelter law-making: Legal response to massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine (Visegrad Grant No. 22320067), co-financed by the governments of Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia through Visegrad Grants from the International Visegrad Fund. The mission of the fund is to advance ideas for sustainable regional cooperation in Central Europe.

Ukrainian Refugees in Poland : Between Reception and Integration

Quarterly on Refugee Problems - AWR Bulletin 2025, t. 64, nr 2, s. 206–224.

Współautorstwo: Mężykowska, Aleksandra

The outbreak of full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine on 24 February 2022 initiated a long-term and unprecedented exodus of Ukrainian citizens. By the end of 2002, 3.8 million Ukrainians had crossed the border into Poland, and some 1.4 million Ukrainian refugees were staying in Poland. In our report, we briefly present the main legislative efforts made by the Polish authorities to regulate the legal status of incoming Ukrainians fleeing their country. We also identify the main obstacles and challenges faced by the Polish government and society in connection with the social integration of Ukrainians in Poland. From today’s perspective, it is clear that there were several shortcomings in the humanitarian response and assistance, which weakened the social anchorage of Ukrainians and explain why only 30% of Ukrainian IDPs who found refuge in Poland chose to stay.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License and was accepted for publication on 14/5/2025. It waspart of a project called “Shelter law-making: Legal response to massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine”, co-financed by the International Visegrad Fund (Grant no. 22320067).

Shelter law-making : Legal response to the massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine : General report on Visegrad countries: Czech Republic, Hungary, Republic of Poland, Slovak Republic

Współautorstwo: Friedery, Réka; Honusková, Věra; Mężykowska, Aleksandra; Mittelmannová, Miroslava; Novák, Lukáš; Polak, Piotr

Warsaw : Publishing House of ILS PAS, 2025

Seria: ILS PAS Reports

ISBN 9788368199130; 9788368199062

51 stron.

The General Report presented below constitutes a summary of information and conclusions contained in the national reports on Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, and is the final output of Grant no. 22320067, entitled Shelter law-making. Legal response to massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine, co-financed by the Visegrad Fund. The national reports constitute the basis for the General Report; therefore, references to all sources and data are to be found there.  The main goal of the project was to analyse the legal actions taken and instruments created by the four Visegrad countries (V4) in response to the large-scale and unprecedented influx of people after 24 February 2022, the outbreak of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Above all, we identified the need to compare the actions taken in individual countries in order to distinguish the recurring solutions, identify those that have failed and select those that proved to be the most effective (good practices). In our opinion, the findings of the project will provide a solid basis for more effective legal actions related to the current migration crisis and possible crises in future. The conclusions and recommendations are in the final parts (VI and VII) of the General Report.

The report is a part of the project Shelter law-making: Legal response to massive migration caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine (Visegrad Grant No. 22320067), co-financed by the governments of Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia through Visegrad Grants from the International Visegrad Fund. The mission of the fund is to advance ideas for sustainable regional cooperation in Central Europe.