FORMA
Komitety do spraw Przeglądu Międzynarodowych Przepisów Zdrowotnych : działalność i efekty funkcjonowania
Prawo i Więź 2024, nr 1 (48), s. 231-258.
Celem artykułu jest ocena funkcjonowania Komitetów ds. Przeglądu Międzynarodowych Przepisów Zdrowotnych (IHR) Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia. Podejmuje próbę analizy sposobu, w jaki działają takie komitety oraz znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytania, czy właściwie wykonują one swoje funkcje i czy możliwe byłoby usprawnienie ich działania. W kolejnych rozdziałach omówione zostają zasady działania, status prawny i uprawnienia tych komitetów, a także ich dotychczasowa działalność i jej efekty (tj. raporty). We wnioskach autor stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie o skuteczność Komitetów ds. Przeglądu IHR i sugeruje, co można byłoby zmienić.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the functioning of the International Health Regulations (IHR) Review Committees of the World Health Organization. It attempts to analyze the operation of these committees in order to answer the questions of whether they are performing their functions properly and whether it would be possible to improve their operation. Subsequent chapters discuss the operating rules, legal status, and powers of these committees, as well as their activities to date and their impact (i.e., reports). In the conclu-sions, the author addresses the question of the effectiveness of the IHR Review Committees and then suggests what could be changed.
The ICJ, Racial Discrimination, and the Protection of Cultural Heritage
Santander Art and Culture Law Review 2024, nr 2, s. 263-282.
This article examines the protection of cultural heritage in the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ, or Court) under the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). It analyses all the cases before the ICJ in which the issue has arisen to date, with a particular focus on the key order on provisional measures in Armenia v. Azerbaijan, issued in 2021. The main argument is that this decision, although to some extent controversial, has set a precedent for other cultural heritage protection cases before the Court. However, in light of further ICJ jurisprudence, states will still have to meet a heavy burden of proof in order to make real use of this precedent, in particular to redress actual collective harm to affected communities.
Documents Issued by Unrecognised Entities : The Approach of the Polish Courts: Comment on the Judgment of the Supreme Court of 25 June 2020, Ref. No. I NSNc 48/19
Polish Yearbook of International Law 2020, t. XXXX, s. 297–308.
The case law of the CJEU dealing with the rule of law touches upon the question of execution of European Arrest Warrants (EAWs) issued by Polish courts. The year 2020 witnessed the second important judgment of the CJEU in this respect (the Dutch case). As in its 2018 predecessor (the Irish case), the CJEU excluded the possibility of overt denial of all EAWs issued by Polish courts. Instead it insists on a two-step examination, comprising not only a general evaluation but also the examination of the individual situation of a requested person. It remains to be seen whether this is a promise of armistice in the CJEU’s approach to Poland, although this is not believed by the author of the text.
Ciągłość państwa polskiego od 1918 r. z punktu widzenia prawa międzynarodowego
Sprawy Międzynarodowe 2018, t. 71, nr 3, s. 261-291.
This article aims to show that the Polish state established after the First World War was at the time a new subject of international law and that its continuous existence, which dates back to 1918, encompass successively the Second Polish Republic, the communist Poland and the current Third Polish Republic. The author points out that Polish domestic law may regulate the issues related to state continuity in a different way than international law and there is nothing wrong with that. One needs to ensure, however, that in such case Poland’s international obligations are not violated. Moreover, questioning the continuity of the Polish state since 1918 should not be regarded as an effective remedy against claims of third states and their nationals.
Bolesław Wiewióra – pionier powojennej polskiej nauki o uznaniu nabytków terytorialnych
Studia Prawnicze 2018, nr 5 (spec.), s. 149-164.
Specyfika odpowiedzialności za naruszenia Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka związane z działalnością nieuznawanych reżimów : analiza orzecznictwa
Studia Prawnicze 2016, nr 3, s. 27-66.
The aim of the article is to compare the way in which the issue of responsibility for violations related to the acts of unrecognized authorities claiming to be States is treated by the European Court of Human Rights and other international courts, particularly the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The article considers in detail the relations between jurisdiction and responsibility, responsibility of parent States (including the concept of “positive obligations”) and responsibility of States which provide assistance to unrecognized regimes (with emphasis put on the concept of “effective control”). The results of the study indicate that the jurisprudence of the European Court differs in several important aspects from decisions of other international courts. These differences, while undoubtedly enhancing the protection of human rights in Europe, contribute to the process of fragmentation of the law of international responsibility.
Treaty Interpretation by the Polish Administrative Courts : A Case Study of the Interpretation of the 1972 Prague Convention
Polish Yearbook of International Law 2014, t. 34, s. 285-301.
This article analyses the practice of the Polish administrative courts with respect to application of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, based on a case study of the judgment of the Voivodship Administrative Court in Warsaw of 6 May 2014 (case no. II SA/Wa 117/14), which concerned the recognition of distance learning degrees awarded by Ukrainian universities pursuant to the 1972 Prague Convention. It is argued herein that the reasoning of the court suffers from four major drawbacks: 1) it is at variance with the text, object and purpose of the Prague Convention; 2) it does not take into account the practice in the application of that treaty; 3) it misinterprets the silence of the preparatory work to the Prague Convention on certain issues; and 4) it is inconsistent with international judicial decisions as regards the interpretation of the “special meaning” of one of the terms used in the Convention.
Podstawy prawne zbiorowej odmowy uznania państw na forum organizacji uniwersalnych : studium przypadków
Studia Prawnicze 2013, nr 3, s. 41-122.
The article aims to study the cases of collective non-recognition of certain States by the League of Nations and the United Nations, and to determine the legal basis of the measures adopted. The author divides the legal grounds for non-recognition into substantive and formal ones. In the course of the case study, four substantive grounds are identifi ed, more than one of which was violated during the process of creation of each non-recognized State: the ban on the use of force, the territorial integrity of States, the right to self-determination and the prohibition of apartheid and racial discrimination. The examination of formal grounds reveals that the virtually universal compliance with UN calls might have been driven not only by binding resolutions but also by the treaties, customary norms and peremptory norms, binding different UN members and nonmembers to a varying extent. Still, since the non-recognized States were neither members of the UN nor were bound by respective treaties, the illegality of their creation may only be explained with reference to violation of the peremptory norms and, in some cases, of the customary norms of international law.
China and Hong Kong : The One Country, Two Systems Principle and Its Practical Implications for Polish Civil Courts
Polish Yearbook of International Law 2013, t. 33, s. 363-369.
Międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne a wojna w Afganistanie : wybrane zagadnienia
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe. UMCS 2011, nr 20, s. 7-30.